Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany

Current silvicultural treatments in beech forests are aimed at achieving thick logs without discoloured hardwood. Therefore intensive thinning is applied already in younger stands with the objective of large-sized trunks at an age of 100 years. However, this approach bears the risk that dead wood structures and broken trees are completely removed from the forest. The impact of three different silvicultural management intensity levels on wood-inhabiting fungi over decades was investigated in a large beech forest (>10,000 ha) in southern Germany in 69 sampling plots: A Intensive Thinning and Logging with high-value trees, B Conservation-Oriented Logging with integration of special structures such as dead wood and broken trees and C Strict Forest Reserves with no logging for 30 years. The analysis of community showed marked differences in the fungus species composition of the three treatments, independent of stand age. The relative frequencies of species between treatments were statistically different. Indicator species for naturalness were more abundant at sites with low silvicultural management intensity. Fomes fomentarius, the most common fungus in virgin forests and strict forest reserves, is almost missing in forests with high-management intensity. The species richness seemed to be lower where intensive thinning was applied (P = 0.051). Species characteristic for coarse woody debris were associated to low management intensity, whereas species with a significant preference for stumps became more frequent with increasing management intensity. A total amount of dead wood higher than 60 m³/ha was found to enable significantly higher numbers of species indicators of naturalness (P = 0.013). In conclusion, when applying intensive silvicultural treatment, the role of dead wood needs to be actively considered in order to maintain the natural biocoenosis of beech forests.     

20种市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中杂环胺含量的影响

【目的】探讨市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中致癌、致突变性杂环胺种类和含量的影响。【方法】分别用福林-酚法和ABTS法测定20种香辛料的总酚含量和抗氧化能力,从中选出总酚含量较高、抗氧化能力较强的5种添加到酱牛肉的加工中,用HPLC法测定杂环胺含量。【结果】在只用蒸馏水煮的空白牛肉中检测出1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Harman)和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Norharman) 两种杂环胺,而且含量很低;在用盐、白砂糖、酱油煮的对照牛肉中,除Harman和Norharman外还检测到了2-氨基-3,7,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(7,8-DiMeIQx)、3-氨基-1-甲基-5H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚(Trp-P-2)及3-氨基-1,4-二甲基-5H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Trp-P-1) 3种杂环胺,5种杂环胺总含量为35.72 ng•g-1。所选取的丁香、桂皮、良姜、红花椒和香叶对杂环胺种类和含量的影响具有特异性：5种香辛料均能显著降低Harman和Norharman含量（P＜0.05）,对7,8-DiMeIQx、Trp-P-1及Trp-P-2 3种杂环胺影响各不相同。此外,香叶还能促进对照样品中未检测出的2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(MeIQ)的形成。【结论】香辛料水提物对杂环胺的形成具有特异性影响。总体而言,良姜和红花椒能降低杂环胺总含量,在显著抑制7,8-DiMeIQx形成的同时不会产生新的杂环胺,因此抑制效果较好。     

迷迭香精油对几种植物病原菌的抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了迷迭香精油对甜瓜蔓枯病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、甜瓜灰霉病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌、梨树腐烂病菌、柑橘黑腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌、蚕豆轮纹病菌和桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:迷迭香精油对8种病原真菌都具有很好的抑菌活性,其EC50分别为843.9914、1 084.2372、483.9457、1 735.5866、1 011.7869、901.2150、356.8803、1 197.3657 μL/L;对桃细菌性穿孔病菌也具有一定的抑菌活性,浓度为100 mL/L时,抑菌圈直径为1.00 cm,最低抑菌浓度为1 000 μL/L.     

红曲中桔霉素的Ames试验

采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌试验(Ames试验),通过观察0.2、1.0、5.0、25.0 μg/皿桔霉素处理对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102回复突变的影响,检测红曲中桔霉素的致突变性.结果表明,桔霉素受试物组回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,亦未呈现剂量反应关系,试验结果为阴性,红曲中桔霉素未表现出致突变性.     

饮用水消毒副产物的遗传毒性研究

介绍几种遗传毒理短期生物测试方法及其在饮用水中的应用,主要针对氯乙酸类和MX等饮用水消毒副产物(DBPs)的遗传毒性研究,研究结果表明,这些消毒副产物均有明显的诱变性。     

乌龙型灵芝发酵茶的Ames试验及其品质特征分析

对用乌龙茶制成的乌龙型灵芝发酵茶进行Ames试验,以进一步测定乌龙型灵芝发酵茶的食品安全性,并与乌龙茶生化成分、感官审评进行比较.结果表明,乌龙型灵芝发酵茶对TA97、TA98、TA100和TA1024株试验菌株无诱导致畸变作用.生化成分分析表明:乌龙型灵芝发酵茶的水浸出物、粗蛋白、咖啡碱、多糖、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和支链氨基酸的含量比乌龙茶高13%、21%、16%、78%、110%、131%和157%;乌龙型灵芝发酵茶的茶多酚含量比乌龙茶低59%.感官评审表明,乌龙型灵芝发酵茶的品质特征明显优于乌龙茶.     

应用Ames试验对氟化物诱发突变和抗突变活性的研究

应用Ames鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/微粒体酶技术研究了氟化钠(NaF)对TA98和TA100两个组氨酸缺陷型菌株的致突变和抗突变活性。结果表明,NaF对所试微生物缺乏致突变活性,且在中毒浓度下(>2000μg·皿-1)降低了试验菌株的回复突变频率;NaF对已知的阳性致突变物也未显示抗突变效应。     

Comparative genotoxicity testing of rhine river sediment extracts using the comet assay with permanent fish cell lines (rtg-2 and rtl-w1) and the ames test*

Goals, Scope and Background

Improved quality of surface waters and sediments requires advanced strategies for ecotoxicological assessment. Whilst at least in Germany assessment strategies on the basis of chemical analysis and acute toxicity data dominated the last decades, the development of more specific biological endpoints and biomarkers in ecotoxicology is required in order to arrive at a good ecological potential and good chemical status of surface waters in the European river basins until the year 2015, as required by the European Water Framework Directive. Since sediments have for long been known to function both as a sink and as a source of pollutants in aquatic systems, and since part of the particle-associated substances have frequently been demonstrated to cause mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in aquatic organisms, particularly in fish, there is, among other requirements, an urgent need to develop, standardize and implement integrated vertebrate-based test systems addressing genotoxicity into recent sediment investigation strategies. Thus, the present study was designed to compare the suitability of two commonly used test systems, the comet assay and the Ames test, for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological burden of surface and core sediment samples from the river Rhine.

Methods (or Main Features)

In order to determine the importance of inherent enzymatic activities, two permanent fish cell lines with different biotransformation capacities, RTL-W1 and RTG-2, were compared with respect to their capability of detecting genotoxic effects in 18 surface and core sediment samples from 9 locations along the River Rhine in the comet assay with and without exogenous bioactivation. For further comparison, as a prokaryotic mutagenicity assay, theSalmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) with the test strains TA98 and TA 100 with and without exogenous metabolic activation was used.

Results and Discussion

Whereas all sediment extracts induced genotoxic effects in the comet assay with RTL-W1 cells, only 12 out of 18 sediment extracts revealed significant genotoxicity in the tests with the less biotransformation-competent RTG-2 cells. Exogenous bioactivation by addition of ß-naphthoflavone /phenobarbital-induced S9 from rat liver resulted in both reduction or increase of genotoxicity in samples from different sites, however, without consistent reaction patterns. In general, the responses of RTL-W1 cells indicated higher biotransformation capacity than in RTG-2 cells without S9 complementation. In Ames tests using TA98 with S9, 16 out of 18 extracts induced significant mutagenicity with induction factors up to 4. Compared to TA98, the strain TA100 proved less sensitive, with maximum induction factors of 1.3, indicating the potential presence of substances inducing frarneshift mutations, which can only be detected in the strain TA98. Chemical analyses revealed particularly high levels of hexachlorbenzene (up to 860 µg/kg) and priority PAHs (up to 4.8 mg/kg); so far, however, no correlation could be found between compounds analyzed and the corresponding biotests.

Conclusions

Results document that both comet assay and Ames test are capable of detecting xenobiotic interaction with DNA in consequence of exposure to complex environmental samples. Whereas the alkaline version of the comet assay detects a broad range of interactions with the DNA, however without information about their eventual importance, the Ames test only reveals established mutations, but fails to detect transient (reparable) DNA alterations. However, even transient primary changes in the DNA structure might result in carcinogenic processes and, eventually, in implications at the population level. As a consequence, for hazard assessment purposes, a combination of both assays is required to avoid false negatives in genotoxicity evaluation. Poor correlation between data obtained by chemical analysis and results in bioassays is indicative of our limited understanding of the sources of genotoxicity. In fact, numerous studies combining chemical and biological approaches for hazard assessment of complex environmental mixtures indicate that priority pollutant concentrations are a poor indicator of toxicity.If compared to the cell line RTG-2, RTL-W1 proved more effective in detecting genotoxicity in surface sediment samples and, thus, indicated the importance of bioactivation of at least part of the compounds in superficial layers of sediments. Results further document that the common assumption may be wrong that, in comparison to deeper strata, surface layers carry a lower toxic burden in consequence of the current decrease in water pollution. This might at least in part be due to remobilization of more heavily polluted sediments from deeper layers during severe flood events followed by re-sedimentation in flood plains or upstream weirs, where they might cover less polluted younger sediment layers.

Recommendations and Perspectives

For a comprehensive assessment of genotoxicity in surface and core sediments, a combination of eukaryotic (comet assay) and prokaryotic assays (Ames test) with and without exogenous bioactivation is recommended. Since studies with organic sediments extracts simulate a worst-case scenario and fail to take into account bioavailability, there is broad consensus that whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenarios. Whereas more realistic solid phase exposure has frequently been applied in both microbial and invertebrate acute toxicity testing, there is an urgent need to develop corresponding whole sediment fish-based genotoxicity tests.

     

GABA与巴戟天多糖复合物对雏鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响

为探究γ-氨基丁酸（gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA）与巴戟天多糖的复合物（GMP）对文昌鸡雏鸡生产性能及部分免疫功能发育的影响,1日龄雄性文昌鸡被随机分为对照组（CK）,GABA组和GMP组,计算第7、10、13、16、19d雏鸡料重比、外周血白细胞总数、血清补体3 （Complement 3,C3）蛋白含量和溶菌酶含量;并观测显微组织结构变化.结果显示：（1） GABA组与GMP组雏鸡料重比较CK组显著降低（P＜0.05）,且GMP组的料重比低于GABA组;（2） GABA组与GMP组雏鸡的脏器指数较CK组增大（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;胸腺、法氏囊组织结构发育的完整性均提高,主要表现为胸腺体积增大,胸腺小叶与胸腺小体个数显著增加,胸腺内淋巴细胞数量上升且排列紧密等;法氏囊滤泡个数明显增加,滤泡面积显著增大,皮髓质比例上升,滤泡内淋巴细胞数量增加且排列紧密等.且GMP组的脏器指数及胸腺、法氏囊组织结构发育的完整性均高于GABA组;（3）与CK组比较,GABA组与GMP组雏鸡外周血白细胞总数、血清溶菌酶含量、C3蛋白含量均升高（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,且GMP组上述各项指标均优于GABA组.因此,GABA与GMP均能够促进雏鸡生产性能及部分免疫功能的发育,且GMP的作用优于GABA.     

气象条件对西辽河平原绿芦笋产量和质量的影响

以2a生芦笋阿波罗为试材，在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学试验农场，研究了采笋期间气象条件对绿芦笋产量和质量的影响。结果表明，绿芦笋日合格笋产量、总产量均与近3日（采笋当日及前2日）积温间呈极显著正相关关系，当日温度对笋产量的影响最大，其次为前1日温度和前2日温度。采笋当日与前1日的日平均风速均与不合格笋的支数、产量呈极显著正相关关系，风力作用是形成弯曲笋和散头笋的主要原因之一。日最高、最低气温与不合格笋的支数、产量呈显著或极显著正相关关系，而温度日较差、空气湿度均与不合格笋支数和产量相关不显著。因此，西辽河平原种植芦笋在春季采笋期间设立风障、小拱棚等保护性设施是提高绿芦笋产量和质量的有效途径。